Google Fi doesn’t block VPNs on tethered connections. However, T-Mobile’s network uses native IPv6 and NAT64/DNS64 for IPv4. Some VPN apps don’t handle this well.
This is probably not relevant to your issue but when android phones create a wifi hotspot the connection doesn’t use the VPN that the phone’s data uses (presuming you’ve set that up). Really annoying.
So I travel with a small travel router.
On my android phone I use the wireguard and sometimes openvpn app to connect to my VPN servers at home with no issues through the Google Fi cellular data connection while abroad. I usually use the always on and block non VPN traffic option to (hopefully) prevent leaks.
This is probably not relevant to your issue but when android phones create a wifi hotspot the connection doesn’t use the VPN that the phone’s data uses (presuming you’ve set that up). Really annoying.
This is a limitation of Android. On newer Pixel phones the Google Fi VCN does encrypt hotspot and tethered connections.